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The Noun Phrase  

A noun phrase is a group of words that does the work of a noun. A noun phrase is either a pronoun or any group of words that can be replaced by a pronoun. e.g 'they', 'bicycles', and 'the bicycles' are noun phrases, but 'bicycle' is just a noun, as you can see in these sentences (in which the noun phrases are all in italics).

A noun phrase (NP) can consist of one word (for example, the pronoun we or the plural noun cats), or it can consist of a noun with a number of dependents. The dependents occur before or after the noun head depending on their function. For example, the new boat that I bought yesterday is a noun phrase containing the determiner the, the adjective new, the head noun boat, and the relative clause that I bought yesterday.

Noun phrases often function as complements to the verb; for example, in the clause Many people run the marathon every year, the NPs many people and the marathon function as the subject and object respectively. The NP every year is an adjunct, which is an optional element in the grammatical structure of this clause

Q: Do you like bicycles?
A: Yes, I like them.
Q: Do you like the bicycles over there?
A: Yes, they are nice.
Q: Do you like the bicycle I bought last week?
A: Yes, I like it. (Note: 'It' refers to 'the bicycle', not 'bicycle')

Structures of Noun phrases

Noun Premodifiers - Modifiers before the noun are called premodifiers. (modify means to limit, restrict, characterize, or otherwise focus meaning). All of the premodifiers that are present and the noun together form a noun phrase.

Noun Post-Modifiers - Modifiers coming after a noun are called post-modifiers.
1). NOUN PHRASE: premodifiers + noun
e.g.
a). White house
white is a premodifier and house is a noun.
b). The three old Democratic legislators
the three old Democratic is premodifier and legislators is a noun.

2). NOUN PHRASE -- noun + post-modifiers. (The most common post-modifier is prepositional phrases).
e.g.
a). The glass on the table
on the table is the post-modifier
b). The boy in the store
in the store is the post-modifier.

3). NOUN PHRASE -- pre-modifier + noun + post-modifier.
The noun together with all pre and post-modifiers constitutes a single unit, a noun phrase that indicates the complete reference.
e.g.
The boys on top of the house. 
The is the premodifier, boys is the noun, on top of the house is the post-modifier.

Countable Nouns

Countable nouns are easy to recognize. They are things that we can count. For example: "pen". We can count pens. We can have one, two, three or more pens. Here are some more countable nouns:

• dog, cat, animal, man, person
• bottle, box, litre
• coin, note, dollar
• cup, plate, fork
• table, chair, suitcase, bag

Countable nouns can be singular or plural:

• My dog is playing.
• My dogs are hungry.

We can use the indefinite article a/an with countable nouns:

• A dog is an animal.

When a countable noun is singular, we must use a word like a/the/my/this with it:

• I want an orange. (not I want orange.)
• Where is my bottle? (not Where is bottle?)

Uncountable Nouns

Uncountable nouns are substances, concepts etc that we cannot divide into separate elements. We cannot "count" them. For example, we cannot count "milk". We can count "bottles of milk" or "litres of milk", but we cannot count "milk" itself. Here are some more uncountable nouns:

• music, art, love, happiness
• advice, information, news
• furniture, luggage
• rice, sugar, butter, water
• electricity, gas, power
• money, currency

We usually treat uncountable nouns as singular. We use a singular verb. For example:

• This news is very important.
• Your luggage looks heavy

Countable nouns are easy to recognize. They are things that we can count. For example: "pen". We can count pens. We can have one, two, three or more pens. Here are some more countable nouns:

• dog, cat, animal, man, person
• bottle, box, litre
• coin, note, dollar
• cup, plate, fork
• table, chair, suitcase, bag

We can use some with all these words. We also use grams/kilos/litres etc. in shops:

Can I have three litres of milk, please?

• Some nouns can be countable or uncountable:

UNCOUNTABLE:

I like coffee.

My hair is blonde.

I haven't got time.

I always have sugar in my tea,

COUNTABLE:

I'll have two coffees, please (cups of coffee)

There's a hair in my tea

We had a good time.

Three sugars in my milk, please.

Here are some more examples of countable and uncountable nouns:

Countable	Uncountable
dollar	money
song	music
suitcase	luggage
table	furniture
battery	electricity
bottle	wine
report	information
tip	advice
journey	travel
job	work
view	scenery

When you learn a new word, it's a good idea to learn whether it's countable or uncountable.

·         ·  a = indefinite article (not a specific object, one of a number of the same objects) with consonants
She has a dog.
I work in a factory.

·         ·  an = indefinite article (not a specific object, one of a number of the same objects) with vowels (a,e,i,o,u)

The indefinite article is the a is the same for all genders.
a boy, a girl, a cat

The indefinite article has no plural form.
a boy - boys

We use an if the following word starts with a vowel.

Can I have an apple?
She is an English teacher.

·         ·  the = definite article (a specific object that both the person speaking and the listener know)
The car over there is fast.
The teacher is very good, isn't he?

·         ·  Other = A person's definition of the 'Other' is part of what defines or even constitutes the self (in both a psychological and philosophical sense) and other phenomena and cultural units.

Sumber : http://english---language.blogspot.com/2006/10/noun-phrase.html 

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